Which of the following is NOT an element of non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal communication encompasses a wide range of methods through which individuals convey messages without the use of words. This includes gestures, which are movements that express specific ideas or emotions; tattoos, which can be a form of personal expression or cultural identification; and body movements, which involve the positioning and movement of the body to deliver meaning or emotion.

Sound, on the other hand, does not fit into the category of non-verbal communication as it generally refers to audible tones or noises that often include verbal sounds like speech. While sound can convey meaning (such as tone of voice) when associated with verbal communication, it is not inherently a part of non-verbal actions. Therefore, identifying sound as the element that does not belong in the group emphasizes the distinction between verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for effective communication in various settings, including law enforcement and border operations, where non-verbal cues can be pivotal in interpreting intent or emotion.